about knowledge transfer and organization..

5 types of knowledge transfer

  • Serial knowledge : the knowledge that a team has gained from doing one task in one setting is transferred to the next time that does the task in a different setting
  • Near transfer  : explicit knowledge a team has gained from doing a frequent and repeated task is reuse by other teams doing very similar work.
  • Far transfer : tacit knowledge that a team has gained from doing a non-routine task is made available to other teams doing similar work in another part of the organization.
  • Strategic transfer : the collective knowledge of the organization is needed to accomplish a strategic task that occurs infrequently but which is critical to the organization.
  • Expert transfer : a team facing a technical question beyond the scope of its own knowledge seeks the expertise of others in the organization.

Knowledge management in organization

  • Corporate memory : an explicit, disembodied, persistent representation of knowledge and information in an organization.
  • Corporate knowledge management : the process which allows to locate and make visible the corporate knowledge, be able to keep it, access it and actualize it, know how to diffuse it and better use it, put it in synergy and valorize it.
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Top 100 A/W hair colours

Be inspired by this season’s 100 hottest hair colours.

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Whether you fancy a warm winter brown or a cool icy blonde, nothing says new season spruce up like a change in hair colour. So to ensure you’re well equipped in choosing your next hair hue, we’ve got 100 new looks for you to sift through – from the latest colours the celebs are loving to the hottest salon shades in four fantastic colourways. We’ve even added some expert advice so you can pick ‘n’ mix your next dye job at your leisure.

Brunette
The colour most people turn to when they want to warm up their colour for winter, this season’s browns are set for a tonal turnaround according to the first lady of colour and salon owner, Jo Hansford. “We are thinking/seeing cool brunettes for autumn/winter ‘10 – think femme fatale meets goth. Pale skinned or olive skinned people are best suited to these cool, dark browns – if you are pale and have light hair you will look incredibly washed out – and people with warm skin tones should avoid any red browns and chestnuts as this will make the skin tone look pink.”

Check out our brunette colour gallery here.

Blonde
A flattering shade next to a dark winter wardrobe, blonde is a classic all-rounder according to Donald Black, senior colourist at Neville Hair & Beauty, although this year he’s predicting blondes will be divided into a duo of tones. “There are two key trends for autumn/winter 2010. The first is a warmer ‘log cabin fever’ blonde where depth is created from cinnamon beiges, vanilla champagnes and golden mustard shades and the second is the ice queen look where glacial clear-crystal blondes are made up of cool, bold and frosty tones. Diane Kruger and Scarlett Johansson all rock the latter look, while Blake Lively and Sienna Miller wear the log cabin fever blonde effortlessly. If you want to know which one to choose, pale skin tones should embrace warmer shades to enhance the fresh-faced rosy-cheek look and olive skin tones can hold ashy ice tones well to balance and promote a healthy glow.”

Discover the latest blonde bombshell shades here.

Black
While it might not be the first colour you think of when considering a colour change, black is back and according to Aveda’s artistic director, Ian Michael Black, this season it’s got to be glossy; think Katy Perry, Dita Von Teese and Megan Fox. “There will be a lot of dark hair around this season but rather than a warmer colour, look out for cooler tones so blacks with inky, purple or bluey undertones as this gives the hair a lovely sheen.”

See the hottest black haired beauties with our comprehensive colour guide here.

Red
It’s not just Florence and the Machine fanatics who have been dyeing their hair red, the catwalks were awash with vibrant coppers and rich russets, and if hair stylist and make-up artist Carla B has predicted correctly, the trend shows no signs of waning this winter. “This season the catwalk favoured the natural redhead with just a hint of pillar box scarlet to keep it cutting edge while Nicola Roberts transformed herself with a peachy voluminous bob inspiring everyone to update their ginger locks a shade. These colours are not about shying away and blending in with the crowd!”

http://www.handbag.com/hair/hairstyles/colour/100-autumn-winter-hair-colours

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New Year diet resolutions

Changing your diet doesn’t have to be about crash-course diets or making a dramatic lifestyle change. Here are 10 tips on how to implement those healthy-eating resolutions.

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A new year always starts with good intentions, and most of us are looking for fast ways to shed those excess holiday pounds. The Food Standards Agency has rounded up 10 of our most popular healthy-eating resolutions with practical advice on how we can implement them without the need for drastic change.

1. I will go on a diet
Diets begun in the new year are often started with the aim of losing weight very quickly. Severe crash diets can be hard to stick to and, in the long-term, chances are that you’ll end up putting the weight back on. The best way to maintain a healthy weight is to combine healthier eating with regular exercise.

Some easy ways to improve your diet include:
Base your meals on starchy foods, such as bread, pasta and potatoes, wholegrain varieties where possible. Cut down on high-fat and processed foods, and choose low-fat dairy products. Aim to eat more fruit and vegetables, at least five portions a day. Choose lean cuts of meat and avoid eating fat on meat.

2. I will do more exercise
Being physically active is one of the best ways to help you lose weight and keep it off. Lots of people have very good intentions at the start of the year and slog it out in the gym for the first two weeks of January, only to spend the rest of the year on the sofa. You’re more likely to stick to an activity if you enjoy it, so try going for a swim, a brisk walk or a bike ride, or join an exercise or dance class. Whatever you do, try to do it regularly.

3. I will eat more fruit and veg
Having at least five portions of a variety of fruit and veg each day has lots of health benefits, including reducing your chances of developing heart disease and some types of cancer.

Some simple ways to increase your fruit and veg intake are:
Drink a glass of fruit juice at breakfast. Add some sliced banana or raisins to your breakfast cereal. Keep some fruit handy for a mid-morning snack. Add tomato or lettuce to sandwiches. Eat fruit salad for dessert. Add vegetables to curries, casseroles and pasta sauces. Serve an extra vegetable or side salad with a meal.

4. I will cut out fat from my diet
You shouldn’t try to avoid all fat, because everyone needs some fat in their diet to be healthy. Instead, try to reduce the amount of foods you eat that contain saturated fats and replace them with unsaturated fats. Saturated fats, which can raise cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease, can be found in cheese, butter, pastry, biscuits and cakes. Unsaturated fats can be found in olive and sunflower oils, nuts and oily fish.

5. I will stop adding salt to foods
Too much salt can raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease and strokes. It is a good idea to limit using salt at the table or during cooking, but also get in the habit of checking food labels, as many processed foods are high in salt. Adults should try to eat no more than 2.5g sodium (6g salt) each day.

6. I will cut out sugar
Cutting out all sugar almost impossible to stick to, as natural sugars can be found in foods such as fruit and vegetables. However, it is a good idea to cut down on sugary processed foods, such as sweets, biscuits and cakes, as well as fizzy drinks. Reduce the amount of sugar you add to hot drinks until you can do without it altogether.

7. I will eat more fish
Both white fish (such as haddock, plaice, halibut and sole) and oily fish (such as sardines, salmon, trout, pilchards and mackerel) are valuable sources of protein, vitamins and minerals. You should aim to eat at least two servings of fish a week, including one serving of oily fish. Oily fish contain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can help prevent coronary heart disease.

8. I will stop cutting out breakfast
Research shows that eating breakfast can actually help you maintain a healthy body weight, which is probably because, if you don’t have breakfast, you’re more likely to get hungry before lunch and snack on fatty, sugary foods. A healthy breakfast, such as wholegrain toast or cereal with fruit, will supply you with an energy boost, as well as essential vitamins and minerals.

9. I will take vitamin supplements regularly
Most people don’t need to take vitamin supplements, because they can get all the nutrients they need from a healthy balanced diet. And popping pills can’t give you the same benefits as eating well. Evidence suggests that fruit and vegetables are good for you, not just because of the individual vitamins and minerals they contain, but because of the combination of different nutrients and fibre.

10. I will save cash by taking a packed lunch to work
This resolution requires some organisation! But it can be much cheaper than going to the sandwich shop every day and healthier, too, because you have more control over what goes into your lunch.

Some tips to make packed lunches more interesting:
Try using different types of bread, such as brown bread with added nuts or seeds, rye bread, bagels, tortilla wraps or wholemeal pitta bread. Opt for healthy fillings such as ham, beef and turkey, skinless chicken, canned sardines or salmon, hard-boiled egg, Edam, mozzarella and low-fat cream cheese. Cook extra pasta or rice at dinner the night before and use it to make a substantial salad by adding things like tuna, cooked chicken, sweetcorn, peppers, carrot slivers and tomatoes. Use butter and mayonnaise sparingly, and opt for low-fat versions.

http://www.handbag.com/health/weight-loss/new-year-diet-resolutions-50274

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A bit of friendly competition?

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If common opinion is to be believed, modern friendship is a one-stop shop for unblinkered loyalty and unmitigated support. But is this really true?

Far from conducting our friendships with egalitarian goodwill, research has revealed that we feel most comfortable in the company of people whom we believe to be equal or – whisper it – even slightly below us, in social terms. Not only that, but wealth, status and power impacts directly on our health: in relative terms it doesn’t matter whether you own a humble council flat or an eight-bedroom mansion on Millionaires’ Row, simply believing that you live better than your friends and neighbours puts you in line for a happier, healthier and even longer life.

Of course, Keeping Up With The Joneses isn’t anything new. But for most of us such friendly rivalry is supposed to stop short of our really close friendships. Take a look within the furtive recesses of your soul, however, and you might find a less salubrious version of the truth. Can you honestly say there’s never been a time when a mate’s new job, flat or (depending on how superficial you really are) haircut has made you feel slightly threatened or left you wondering, however momentarily, that you might be being left behind?

And what about the numerous friendships that have simply worn out their welcome over the years? C’mon, admit it – that you drifted apart because you ‘no longer have anything in common’ is more likely to be code for the fact that at some point one of you began to feel a little – or maybe even a lot – superior to the other. Perhaps you got a much better job (with matching salary) or started hanging out with a different (cooler? better?) crowd. We don’t like to spell it out – hell, we don’t even like to admit it to ourselves – but chances are many of our friendship histories hide such dirty little secrets.

Up-close and personal
It’s long been acknowledged that, much as women like to pretend otherwise, most of us are swayed by a good job, healthy bank account or increased social status when it comes to choosing a partner. Why do we honestly believe it to be that different when it comes to our friends? In both relationships we want someone who will support and be there for us. But, while we might not like to admit it, we also choose our companions as a subtle reinforcement of our own worth (how would we be able to snare such a good friend/lover if we weren’t the same ourselves?).

Crucially, however, Friendship Status Syndrome (FSS) isn’t just about the outward trappings of who’s doing better than whom. Most friendships hinge, to some degree or other, on a balance of power that’s as much about emotional (in)equality as superficial success and sometimes even the most apparently minor shift can knock things seismically off course.

One woman I know has recently lost over two stubborn stone in weight. Since then she’s been accused some by some of her closest friends of being everything from over-confident to too thin (she clocks in at a pleasingly curvaceous size 12). What’s happened, of course, is that she’s overstepped the boundaries of their friendship’s emotional hierarchy, even if she didn’t know it existed until now. And as her Friendship Status stock has gone up, so have some of those around her been forced to reassess theirs.

The bottom line
If all this simply seems simply too depressing for words, cheer up – there are some relationships that seem, genuinely, to be beyond such superficial sway.

Longstanding friendships in which each party has had more than enough experience of the best and worst of each other are generally able to withstand the vagaries of FSS. Why do you think it is that famous people always cite their oldest friends as the only ones they can really trust through their journey to the top of society’s tree? (Or is hanging out with old mates the ultimate way to ensure your top-dog status within your social group?)

Anyway, so what if even your close relationships still seem littered with the messy fallout of FSS? If friends truly are the new family then perhaps repeat occurrences might well be the highest accolade. After all, what greater competition is there than sibling rivalry?

http://www.handbag.com/relationship/your-life/friends-family/a-bit-of-friendly-competition-101943

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10 things to do for a healthier you

Amanda Bown reveals how to take better care of your body and mind with these small but effective life changes.
Oct 19, 2010 11:16:00 AM by Veronica Kirby
woman smelling flowers

Make your day healthy by doing some small (but significant) changes and incorporate new routines in to your life, such as stretching your body daily, counting your blessings, seeking-out solitude, going floral and eating seasonal produce.

The Daily Big Stretch: Stretch your body daily, as stretching affects several tissues in the body, and it targets joints, aids joint lubrication and stops our muscles from becoming tighter. So rid yourself of the ‘rounded shoulder’ look by stretching-out upon waking, hold each position for 10-20 second, building-up the number and range of stretches with each rep. The final hold should be comfortably strong, and not painful.

Sleep Deeper: If you have trouble dropping-off to sleep at night due to an over-active mind, try some DIY reflexology. Massage your palm with your thumb (from the other hand), then use slow, yet firm, circular movements for approximately one minute, whilst breathing slowly, as the slower your breath, the calmer your mind will feel. Complete by gently rubbing down the outer edge of your thumb for a further minute on each hand.

Breakfast Juice: Skipping breakfast may seem like an easy way to keep calories down, but in the long run, it does more damage than good. “Fruit juice can be a waste of calories, a small glass can contain up to 24g of sugar, (same as a cup of ice cream!).” Juice is less filling and doesn’t have the fibre-content you’d get in the whole fruit, and orange juice is very acid. “Too much of the acid in orange juice can lead to joint problems, digestion problems and heartburn,” says Paula Gilbert, Grayshott Spa’s Dietician, grayshottspa.com. So, skip the fruit juices and go for the whole fruit instead.

The Power Of Solitude: By going solo and seeking-out some time for solitude, not only gives you perspective about your life and any issues you may have, it also allows you to re-connect with who you really are, (and you can tune-out those voices from other people).From spending time in the park, taking a long walk or cycle ride, you’ll find that ‘answers’ come to you with a big dose of intuition or ‘gut instinct’.

Exhale Your Stress Issues: Dr Mark Atkinson author of The Mind Body Bible (£12.99) suggests that we think about what’s stressing us out, and notice where in the body you feel this stress. Breathe deeply in and out, and completely focus-on that area. Tell the stress feeling to soften and flow, and it’ll move about your body (so keep shifting your focus), and it should exit within ten minutes! “You’ll know you’ve got to this stage, as you’ll feel much lighter and more energised,” says Dr. Atkinson.

Eating Seasonal Produce: Butternut squash and pumpkins are highly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, it’s packed with vitamins A and C, beta-carotene, which can help regulate blood sugar levels and potassium which can lower blood pressure. Apples are packed with fibre and vitamin C (great for flagging collagen levels!). So get yourself signed-up for a regular fruit and vegetable box, to ensure your body gets the best pick of seasonal produce.

Go Floral: Seeing flowers first thing in the morning, gives you an energy and mood boost that lasts for a few hours, with kitchen blooms being the most effective says Dr Nancy Etcoff from Harvard University. “Make sure you place them away from the fruit bowl or vegetable rack, as these produce the gas ethylene, (a ripening agent) which can increase the speed at which the flowers will wilt. And keep them away from heaters or appliances that give-off heat too,” Says Rhian Maidment from serenataflowers.com.

Refresh Your Mood: When you’re feeling stressed-out or full of PMT, grab some fresh pine needles, wrap them in a muslin cloth, tie-up the ends, and as you run a bath, place under your bath taps, so the water gushes over it, infusing the water nicely for a fantastic pick-me-up! If this is tricky, try using an uplifting oil. “Use of uplifting oils will help keep your energy levels up throughout the day, or use Frankincense to ground your emotions, clear a busy mindset, and aid any stressful situations,” says Geraldine Howard, President and Co-Founder, Aromatherapy Associates. aromatherapyassociates.com.

Speed Reader: The faster you think, the happier you feel says psychologist Professor Emily Pronin of Princeton University. In tests, she asked people to read statements twice as fast than they normally would, and they felt happier, more energetic and more powerful afterwards. This is because it mimics the way your brain reacts when you’re excited or feeling inspired.

Count Your Blessings: By feeling content and grateful for what you have in your life can boost your immunity, switch-off any stress that you’re feeling and improve healing by triggering the release of oxytocin. It’s known that levels of this ‘cuddle’ hormone are boosted by physical contact with a loved one. Scans of ECG’s show that being grateful is associated with more harmonious electricity activity (around heart and brain), allows these organs to operate more effectively.

http://www.handbag.com/health/stay-healthy/ten-ways-be-healthier

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what is Knowledge Management..??

Knowledge Management merupakan berbagai strategi dan praktek yang digunakan dalam organisasi untuk mengidentifikasi, menciptakan, merepresentasikan, mendistribusikan, wawasan dan pengalaman. Wawasan dan pengalaman yang terdiri dari pengetahuan, baik yang terkandung dalam individu atau tertanam dalam proses organisasi ataupun praktek.

Knowledge Management merupakan sesuatu yang relatif baru, karena baru berkembang sejak berkembangnya teknologi informasi, meskipun sebenarnya telah lama dikenal dan dilakukan oleh banyak perusahaan.

Tipe-tipe knowledge management

• Tacit knowledge : tacit terdiri dari model mental, pandangan dan perkerjaan yang tidak mudah dideskripsikan dan dibagikan. Ini bisa juga berupa pengalaman dan keahlian dari orang-orang yang belum terdokumentasi. Pengetahuan berkembang dalam interaksi dengan orang lain.

• Explicit knowledge : merupakan ilmu pengetahuan yang formal, sistematis dan mudah untuk dikomunikasikan dan dibagi. Ini merupakan pengetahuan yang terdapat pada buku, referensi dan lainnya. Pengetahuan berkembang dengan adanya informasi dan perlunya penataan informasi atau pengaturan isu dari informasi yang ada.

• Potential knowledge : merupakan ilmu pengetahuan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dan mentransformasikan data menjadi pengetahuan. Pengetahuan berkembang dari hasil analisis terhadap data yang ada.

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Organizational and Personnel Changes MAZDA

Mazda Motor Corporation has announced the following organizational and personnel changes, effective May 1, 2008. 1. Organizational Changes (1) Changes in the areas of corporate planning and corporate communications and liaison Goals – To strengthen and promote enhanced coordination and consistency in planning, integrate the development and promotion of long-term strategies and short- and mid-term plans into a single division. These functions were originally handled separately by the Corporate Strategy Division and the Corporate Planning Division, respectively. – To promote further organizational efficiency in operations, consolidate corporate planning functions under the Corporate Planning Division. – By transferring the Corporate Liaison and Research Dept’s liaison functions with government, municipal offices and industry organizations to the Corporate Planning Division, contribute to more accurate management decisions by synchronizing information about political, economic and industry trends with corporate strategy. Details of the organizational changes – The Corporate Strategy Division has been eliminated. – The Corporate Strategy Department has been renamed the Business Strategy Department. – The Business Strategy Department and the Corporate Administration Department have been transferred to the Corporate Planning Division. – The Corporate Liaison & Research Department has been transferred to the Corporate Planning Division. – The Corporate Communication & Liaison Division has been renamed the Corporate Communications Division. (2) Changes in the area of product planning Goals – To clearly separate product strategy planning and promotion functions from individual product planning and promotion functions. – In the strategy area, strengthen the consistency and coordination between long-term strategies and mid-term plans. – In the product planning area, promote comprehensive product planning for the next-generation product lineup, and form closer connections and coordination with program development. Details of the organizational changes – The Product Planning & Business Strategy Division has been eliminated, and the Product Strategy Division and the Product Planning Division(s) have been newly established. – The Product & Business Strategy Planning Department and the Technology Planning Department were transferred to the Product Strategy Division. The Product Planning Department and the Basic Design Department were transferred to the Product Planning Division.

http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201009/100901a.html

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Singapore Airlines – An Excellent Asian Brand

Think about one of the strongest brands from Asia, and chances are that Singapore Airlines and its long-serving, almost iconic Singapore Girl easily come to mind. Singapore Airlines has consistently been one of the most profitable airlines globally, and has always had the reputation of a trendsetter and industry challenger. There are several good reasons for this. Most relates directly to the strong brand management driven primarily by the Singapore Airlines boardroom and top-management, and the healthy brand equity as the result of a dedicated, professional brand strategy throughout a diversified, global organisation.

The Singapore Airlines brand has been instrumental for the airline from the early start. It serves as one of the leading brand cases from Asia for other established brands as well as any aspiring brands. The Singapore Airlines brand is unique in the sense that the boardroom takes dedicated leadership of the brand strategy unlike many other Asian companies.

BackgroundSingapore Airlines (SIA) began in 1947 as Malayan (later Malaysian) Airlines in a joint venture between the Malaysian and Singapore governments, serving primarily the South East Asian region. In 1965, Singapore separated from Malaysia, and later the two governments agreed to set up separate airlines. Singapore Airlines was born in 1972.

Singapore Airlines was in a different position than most other airlines at the time. There were no domestic routes to serve it was forced to immediately start competing with international airlines for routes, getting access to airports, securing flight slots and landing rights, and attracting a new customer base. Unlike most state-owned entities, Singapore Airlines was subject to heavy competition from the onset and this tough start created a driving spirit to compete and also a dedication to branding, especially in the boardroom. These factors have prevailed within the organization since then, and served the airline very well as the following will illustrate.

Building the BrandSingapore Airlines decided on a fully branded product/service differentiation strategy from the very beginning. Innovation, best technology, genuine quality and excellent customer service were to become the major drivers of the brand.

Throughout the course of their 32-year history, Singapore Airlines has remained true to their brand attributes. They have pioneered many in-flight experiential and entertainment innovations, and strived to be best-in-class. SIA was the first to introduce hot meals, free alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, hot towels with a unique and patented scent, personal entertainment systems, and video-on-demand in all cabins. The company keeps driving innovation as an important part of the brand, and the cabin ambience and combined experience are key factors of their success.

On the technology side, Singapore Airlines still maintains the youngest fleet of aircraft amongst all major air carriers, and keeps to the stringent policy of replacing older aircrafts for newer, better models. They have always been first in line to take delivery of new aircraft types like Boeing 747 jumbo jets, Boeing 777, and they will become the first airline to fly the Airbus Super jumbo A-380 in 2006. Even the aircrafts are sub-branded like 747-Megatop and 777-Jubilee to further distinguish SIA and its brand from competitors. Singapore Airlines also flew Concorde between Singapore and London in the late 70’ties in collaboration with British Airways (BA). The aircraft was painted with SIA’s colours and logos on one side, and BA’s on the other, and it carried crew from both airlines.

The strategy behind the technology program is clear: It enhances cost efficiency to use the latest aircrafts and at the same time, Singapore Airlines uses these events for marketing purposes. An example of this was the new non-stop services to Los Angeles and New York launched in 2004, which attracted huge publicity in global media and kept the innovation promise of the brand alive. The special aircrafts for these long-range routes (Airbus A340-500) are sub-branded Leadership to further distinguish the brand promise.

Singapore Airlines recognizes that each innovation has a relatively short life span. Once other airlines adopt it, it is no longer considered “innovative”. Therefore, the airline continues to invest heavily in R&D, innovation and technology as an integrated part of the business strategy to further differentiate itself.

The Singapore GirlThe personalization of the Singapore Airlines brand is the mixed male and female cabin crew, where especially the flight stewardesses commonly referred to as Singapore Girls have become very well-known. SIA engaged French haute-couture designer Pierre Balmain at the inauguration of the airline in 1972. He designed a special version of the Malay sarong kebaya as the uniform which later became one of the most recognized signatures of the airline. A very designated and visual part of the entire brand experience.

The Singapore Girl strategy turned out to be a very powerful idea and has become a successful brand icon with an almost mythical status and aura around her. The Singapore Girl encapsulates Asian values and hospitality, and could be described as caring, warm, gentle, elegant and serene. It is a brilliant personification of SIA’s commitment to service and quality excellence. The icon has become so strong that Madame Tussaud’s Museum in London started to display the Singapore Girl in 1994 as the first commercial figure ever.

Singapore Airlines also runs one of the most comprehensive and rigorous training programs for cabin and flight crew in the industry to make sure the SIA brand experience is fully and consistently delivered.

The social status of the Singapore Girl has also reached near-celebrity in Asia. This has allowed Singapore Airlines to be highly selective in the recruiting process for talent which has added further to the strength of the brand icon and the myth around it.

Communicating the messageSingapore Airlines has been as consistent in its communication vehicles as in its brand strategy. The primary message “Singapore Airlines – A Great Way to Fly” has been consistently conveyed in exclusive print media and also in selected TV-commercials of very high production value to underline the quality aspirations of brand. All communication messages are featured through the iconic Singapore Girl in different themes and settings.

When Singapore Airlines recently launched their comfortable Space Bed seats in business class, they ran a 60-second commercial of a highly emotional and mythical character to underline the aspiration of the brand and the Singapore Girl, and to set their airline brand apart from competition.

Interestingly, Singapore Airlines has chosen to focus on one aspect of the experiential brand strategy – in-flight hospitality and warmth featured by the Singapore Girl – rather than trying to communicate the entire brand benefits through its messages. A dangerous trap, which many other brands often fall into in their efforts to communicate all at once. This has led to a focused and consistent message for SIA during the last 32 years. This in itself is a great achievement for any brand.

The Singapore Girl has contributed immensely to the success of Singapore Airlines’ brand strategy and its entire positioning around customer and service excellence.

Using the brand to drive revenuesWhile other airlines have also pursued high service/quality brand strategies, none has been able to match Singapore Airlines in consistency, commitment, and true permeation of the brand in every facet. SIA has been able to maintain their brand advantage by not wavering from their brand strategy. This is a particularly difficult position to maintain in a highly cyclical industry where the competition seems to react on a daily basis to changes in performance. This type of commitment takes dedication from the board, CEO and senior management team, and strong faith in the brand’s ability to pull through bad times. The management team and shareholders must maintain a longer term outlook to avoid making short-term, reactionary decisions which dilute the brand.

For example, pressure on US airlines stemming from low-cost carrier competition has caused a number of the full-service airlines to begin charging for on-board services which used to be free. Historically, business travellers were willing to pay a premium for full-service airlines, essentially because they provided these services. By abandoning their customer service strategy, even on restricted flights, the premium US airlines are diluting their brand in search of short-term profitability. This is creating a circular effect where the premium airlines are losing cost-sensitive customers to low-cost airlines, which causes them to reduce price to retain these customers. This in turn creates more cost pressure. This cost pressure causes them to start reducing the premium services which made them distinct from the low-cost airlines in the first place.

Singapore Airlines has been able to deliver some of the best results in the industry by avoiding this type of reactionary behaviour.

Developing cost advantagesSingapore Airlines’ brand strategy is, in theory, a relatively high-cost strategy. Each brand benefit requires significant investment, careful management and detailed implementation programs to live up to the brand promise. Singapore Airlines has carefully built a financial and fixed cost infrastructure which allows them to continue investing to support the brand while challenging the competition on costs.

First, the strong cash position allows Singapore Airlines to internally fund purchases of new equipment and airplanes, and limit interest costs. SIA is not locked into long-term leases, and can easily accommodate newer, more efficient equipment which minimizes maintenance costs and avoid aircraft downtime.

A second benefit of SIA’s infrastructure is the age of their fleet. Maintaining the youngest generation of aircrafts provides SIA with some of the lowest fuel costs in the industry. This is very significant since 15-20% of an airlines’ total costs derive from fuel. On top of this, SIA carefully hedges up to 50% of their fuel contracts two years in advance to avoid cyclical and often large volatility in fuel prices.

Finally, the financial and cash position has allowed SIA to weather the short-term dips in the industry better than the competition.

The brand delivers resultsSingapore Airlines has maintained its position as one of the best-known and best-performing brands in Asia, and remains one of the few consistent performers in an industry where established brands are struggling to stay alive. SIA has followed a very simple management formula to achieve outstanding results:

Revenues: Command a price premium through consistent brand benefits and avoid reactionary pricing behaviour in order to condition the customer not to wait for price matching.

Costs: Tight control of costs though ownership of the most cost-efficient aircrafts, hedging against fuel price increases, and agile management of the entire company etc.

Profits: Run the business with a long-term outlook. Be consistent. Stay true to the brand.

What is next for Singapore Airlines? The last three years has seen a dramatic shift in the airline industry. There have been major shakeouts and loose consolidation amongst premium, full-service players and a wide expansion in the low-cost carrier market – also in the closely regulated Asian airspace. Air travel has become a commodity and most major routes are saturated with fierce competition. The low-cost carriers have significantly influenced consumer behaviour for cheap price bargains among leisure travellers and increasingly among business travellers.

Singapore Airlines has already jumped ahead, launching their own carrier for local and short-haul routes, Tiger Airways, to stay at the forefront of competition. The aim is to avoid dilution of the core premium brand, Singapore Airlines.

Singapore Airlines strongly embedded positioning and commitment to the brand has positioned it well to compete in the new landscape. The challenge is to stay true to the brand and keep delivering on the fairly high-cost promise of quality, innovation and service. This requires heavy, on-going investments and healthy cash-flows which can only be achieved though a continuous price-premium strategy and satisfactory passenger load factors. In other words, customers’ perception of the price/value equation, their future buying behaviour (partly to be influenced by the low-cost carriers) and loyalty among other factors are crucial for the future.

In most industries, there are always segments willing to pay for quality brands. Therefore, the question is not whether there are customers in the market, but rather the ability for Singapore Airlines to constantly nurture the brand promise, keep innovating and capture the overall value of the brand in the minds of the customers.

The strong brand equity of Singapore Airlines is one of the most valuable assets for the company and its cash-rich balance sheet. Singapore Airlines is a leading business case from Asia demonstrating the importance of strategic branding, and they should serve as great inspiration for other Asian boardrooms trying to build and manage their own brands.

Singapore Airlines is among the top companies globally that is truly able to control the brand through every interaction and experience. SIA has become a hugely rewarded innovator and industry leader: A great way to fly.

http://www.venturerepublic.com/resources/Singapore_Airlines_-_An_Excellent_Asian_Brand.asp

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EXXON MOBIL STRATEGY FUSES OPERATING DISCIPLINE, TECHNOLOGY COMMITMENT

Exxon Mobil Corp. (NYSE: XOM) plans to continue its pursuit of operating synergies that allowed it to capture another $800 million of savings in 2001. It also remains committed to technology as a means to achieve additional improvements across its operations, its chairman said last week.

“Our industry is cyclical. It always will be. The key to success is discipline. We don’t get euphoric at the top of the commodity price cycle, nor do we get pessimistic at the bottom. We will continue to conduct our business in a straightforward fashion. Our results demonstrate the success of our strategy. We are staying the course,” Lee R. Raymond declared at the Irving, Texas, multinational oil company’s annual briefing for analysts in Houston. The presentation also was broadcast over the Internet.

Analysts found no surprises in the presentations by Raymond or the other Exxon Mobil officials, Executive Vice President Harry J. Longwell and Senior Vice Presidents Rex W. Tillerson and Edward G. Galante. “Overall, the meeting provided further confirmation of the premium assets, return on capital employed and opportunities available to Exxon Mobil,” observed Matthew Warburton of UBS Warburg LLC in New York. But he retained his hold rating for the company’s common stock because these positive factors already are reflected in its premium to other major oil company equities. Warburton did increase his price target for the stock marginally to $41.50 from $40, however.

http://www.allbusiness.com/business-planning/921423-1.html

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Shell launches phase II of Parque das Conchas

14/10/2010
Offshore Brazil project exceeds production targets

Shell today announces investment to support phase II of the prolific Parque das Conchas (BC-10) project more than 100 kilometres (62 miles) off the coast of Brazil. This significant investment develops the fourth field in the BC-10 block and continues a successful wave of production growth in Shell’s Upstream Americas business. The full project delivers an energy resource of approximately 300 million barrels of oil equivalent, with production of some 100,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day.

“This is another important milestone in our delivery of substantial growth in the Americas,” said Marvin Odum, Upstream Americas Director. “Over the next five years, we’ll see more projects reach critical delivery points in this region such as last month’s announcement of our final investment decision for the Mars B project in the Gulf of Mexico.”

Shell began production from the first phase of Parque das Conchas in 2009 with production from nine wells in three fields – Abalone, Ostra, and Argonauta B-West. Phase II for the project includes seven additional development wells, which will reach total depths of approximately 1,100 metres (3,600 feet) below the seabed. Production from the first phase of Parque das Conchas is currently above expectations.

Parque das Conchas was the first full-field development to separate and pump oil and gas from the seabed. Shell’s Perdido Development, in the Gulf of Mexico, was the second. Electric pumps of 1,500 horsepower drive the oil up nearly 1,800 metres (6,000 feet) to the surface for processing on the Espirito Santo, a floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The FPSO has a daily processing capacity of about 100,000 barrels of oil and 50 million cubic feet of natural gas.

Shell, as operator of Parque das Conchas, holds a 50% interest. Petrobras (35%) and ONGC (15%) hold the remaining interest.

“Bringing this phase of Parque das Conchas to life represents another proud moment for Shell’s deep-water offshore teams,” added Odum. “The men and women on these teams exude excellence and are backed by a strong legacy of deep water expertise. We’re all looking forward to continuing our responsible operations in the waters off Brazil.”
Notes to editors

Production from the first phase involved two other technical firsts:

* Specially designed steel pipes, which have an innovative kink, or “lazy-wave,” allow the vessel to move safely with the ocean swell.
* Huge, electrical cables feed power to the deep water separation and lift system to pump the heavy oil (API 160-420) to the FPSO.

The geology of Parque das Conchas also demands extended, horizontal drilling for better production.

Royal Dutch Shell plc
Royal Dutch Shell plc is incorporated in England and Wales, has its headquarters in The Hague and is listed on the London, Amsterdam, and New York stock exchanges. Shell companies have operations in more than 90 countries and territories with businesses including oil and gas exploration and production; production and marketing of liquefied natural gas and gas to liquids; manufacturing, marketing and shipping of oil products and chemicals and renewable energy projects. For further information, visit www.shell.com.
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The companies in which Royal Dutch Shell plc directly and indirectly owns investments are separate entities. In this press release “Shell”, “Shell group” and “Royal Dutch Shell” are sometimes used for convenience where references are made to Royal Dutch Shell plc and its subsidiaries in general. Likewise, the words “we”, “us” and “our” are also used to refer to subsidiaries in general or to those who work for them. These expressions are also used where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular company or companies. ‘‘Subsidiaries’’, “Shell subsidiaries” and “Shell companies” as used in this press release refer to companies in which Royal Dutch Shell either directly or indirectly has control, by having either a majority of the voting rights or the right to exercise a controlling influence. The companies in which Shell has significant influence but not control are referred to as “associated companies” or “associates” and companies in which Shell has joint control are referred to as “jointly controlled entities”. In this press release, associates and jointly controlled entities are also referred to as “equity-accounted investments”. The term “Shell interest” is used for convenience to indicate the direct and/or indirect (for example, through our 34% shareholding in Woodside Petroleum Ltd.) ownership interest held by Shell in a venture, partnership or company, after exclusion of all third-party interest.

This press release contains forward-looking statements concerning the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of Royal Dutch Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements of future expectations that are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning the potential exposure of Royal Dutch Shell to market risks and statements expressing management’s expectations, beliefs, estimates, forecasts, projections and assumptions. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as ‘‘anticipate’’, ‘‘believe’’, ‘‘could’’, ‘‘estimate’’, ‘‘expect’’, ‘‘intend’’, ‘‘may’’, ‘‘plan’’, ‘‘objectives’’, ‘‘outlook’’, ‘‘probably’’, ‘‘project’’, ‘‘will’’, ‘‘seek’’, ‘‘target’’, ‘‘risks’’, ‘‘goals’’, ‘‘should’’ and similar terms and phrases. There are a number of factors that could affect the future operations of Royal Dutch Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements included in this press release, including (without limitation): (a) price fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas; (b) changes in demand for the Shell’s products; (c) currency fluctuations; (d) drilling and production results; (e) reserve estimates; (f) loss of market share and industry competition; (g) environmental and physical risks; (h) risks associated with the identification of suitable potential acquisition properties and targets, and successful negotiation and completion of such transactions; (i) the risk of doing business in developing countries and countries subject to international sanctions; (j) legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments including regulatory measures addressing climate change; (k) economic and financial market conditions in various countries and regions; (l) political risks, including the risks of expropriation and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental entities, delays or advancements in the approval of projects and delays in the reimbursement for shared costs; and (m) changes in trading conditions. All forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional factors that may affect future results are contained in Royal Dutch Shell’s 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2009 (available at www.shell.com/investor and www.sec.gov – opens in new window). These factors also should be considered by the reader. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this press release, 14 October, 2010. Neither Royal Dutch Shell nor any of its subsidiaries undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. In light of these risks, results could differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from the forward-looking statements contained in this press release.

The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) permits oil and gas companies, in their filings with the SEC, to disclose only proved reserves that a company has demonstrated by actual production or conclusive formation tests to be economically and legally producible under existing economic and operating conditions. We may have used certain terms in this press release that SEC’s guidelines strictly prohibit us from including in filings with the SEC. U.S. Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosure in our Form 20-F, File No 1-32575, available on the SEC website www.sec.gov – opens in new window. You can also obtain these forms from the SEC by calling 1-800-SEC-0330.

http://www.shell.com/home/content/investor/news_and_library/2010_media_releases/phase2_parque_das_conchas_14102010.html

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